Sex differences may influence susceptibility to substance abuse, which could have implications for optimal prevention and treatment. Gender influences also impact public health from an environmental perspective. To identify and treat women most at risk, researchers, educators, and clinicians must be able to recognize and consider both sex and gender differences. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Office of Women’s Health in collaboration with the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, and Center for Tobacco Products will be hosting a 2-day meeting, “Scientific Conference: Opioid and Nicotine Use, Dependence, and Recovery - Influences of Sex and Gender” to address this important issue.The conference will include presentations by experts in the field of opioid and tobacco research, professional education, and clinical care on the biological (sex) and sociological (gender) influences on use, misuse, and recovery.